High-Mountain Distribution of Scrophularia chlorantha Ky et Boiss. – ‘Mtsvanekvavila Shavtsamala’ Bioecology and Study of Biologically Active Compounds

Abstract

The high-mountain flora of Adjara represents a significant center of biodiversity in the Cau­casus, rich in endemic plant species that are particularly vulnerable under global climate change and increa­sing anthropogenic pressures. This region is characterized by unique habitats, where high-mountain subalp­ine and alpine belts create special ecological conditions, providing a favorable environment for the develop­ment of endemic species. Endemic plants are distinguished by a limited distribution range, high sensitivity to environmental factors, and unique biochemical properties, which increase their risk of extinction.

One such endemic species is Scrophularia chlorantha Ky et Boiss. – “Mtsvanekvavila Shavtsamala”, the study of which represents significant scientific and practical interest. The aim of this research was to deter­mine the precise distribution range of this endemic plant in the high mountains of Adjara, study its bioe­cological characteristics, collect herbarium and analytical material, and perform a phytochemical analysis of biologically active substances using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry) method.

The study was conducted using a expedition approach. The plant was recorded in the subalpine belt at an altitude of 2181 m above sea level, on the rocky slopes of the border zone of Beshumi, within subalpine thickets. Exact coordinates were recorded: N 41°35.523′, E 42°35.172′, H 2181 m. TLC+. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract identified 41 chemical components, including phenolic acids (protocatechuic and quinic acids), fatty acids (hexadecanoic and oleic acids), terpenoids, steroids, phytol, organic acids, and sugars. These compounds are known for their strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, enhancing the plant’s medicinal and pharmacological significance.

The obtained data significantly complement the biochemical profile of endemic plants of Adjara-Lazeti and provide a foundation for further pharmacological, biological, and toxicological studies. The research highlights the necessity of protecting this endemic species to preserve regional biodiversity and ecosystem stability. S. chlorantha represents an important natural source for the development of bioactive compounds in medical practice, supports the creation of therapeutic preparations, and opens new perspectives for pharmacognostic research. Moreover, the study demonstrates that the conservation of endemic plants not only safeguards their survival but also ensures the sustainability of the regional ecosystem, which is particularly crucial under global climate challenges.